Preparations for 6G terahertz technology are signaling a new era of global communication revolution, with Asia taking leadership in early experiments and deployments in this field. This next-generation wireless technology uses much higher frequency bands than current 5G networks, particularly the terahertz (THz) spectrum, which covers the frequency range between 100 GHz and 10 THz. Due to this high-frequency range, 6G networks offer thousands of times higher data transfer speeds than 5G, incredibly low latency, and unprecedented network capacity. Asia, particularly China, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, has made significant progress in early deployment and experiments of 6G terahertz, positioning the region at the forefront of the race for next-generation wireless technology. These experiments not only cover the capabilities of fastest internet access but also introduce new use cases such as holographic communications, revolutionary changes in autonomous driving, personalized healthcare, and industrial automation. This introduction will present an overview of the fundamental characteristics of 6G terahertz, early efforts in Asia, and the potential impacts of this technology, which will inform readers about the importance of this new communication era.

The terahertz spectrum is that unique range of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies between microwaves and infrared light, covering frequencies between 0.1 THz (100 GHz) and 10 THz. The physical characteristics of this spectrum make it highly suitable for 6G wireless communications, the most important of which is its extremely short wavelength ranging from a few millimeters to microns. This short wavelength allows the use of extremely dense antenna arrays, enabling better beamforming and spatial processing. However, terahertz waves face challenges regarding interaction with environmental obstacles such as rain, fog, and moisture particles in the air, which can affect their range and effectiveness. To overcome these challenges, Asian research institutions are developing advanced modulation techniques, adaptive beamforming algorithms, and technologies like intelligently reflective surfaces (IRS). Institutions like China’s Academy of Telecommunications Research (CATR) and South Korea’s Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) have made significant progress in terahertz channel modeling, propagation studies, and hardware design, paving the way for the use of this spectrum for 6G networks.

Experimental projects related to 6G terahertz technology have begun in the Asian region over the past few years, with China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong at the forefront. In China, companies like Huawei and ZTE have established 6G research labs testing terahertz-based prototypes, achieving data transfer speeds exceeding 100 Gbps in experimental conditions. In Japan, NTT Docomo and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) have conducted experiments in sub-terahertz bands with frequencies above 100 GHz, targeting the high data rates required to support holographic video streaming and augmented reality applications. In South Korea, Samsung and LG have announced 6G research and are developing massive MIMO systems in terahertz frequency bands that can provide gigabit speeds to multiple users simultaneously. In Taiwan, the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) has developed new semiconductors and integrated circuits for terahertz communications. In Singapore, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and National University of Singapore (NUS) have established advanced research centers for terahertz communications with industry partners. These experiments focus not only on proving technical feasibility but also include issues like spectrum allocation, network architecture, and energy efficiency, providing a strong foundation for commercial deployment of 6G.

The technical aspects of developing new hardware and components for deploying 6G networks in the terahertz spectrum are extremely important, as they need to operate at much higher frequencies than traditional wireless systems. Research institutions and companies in Asia are working on designing terahertz transceivers, amplifiers, antennas, and signal processing units that can address the challenges of this spectrum. In China, Huawei has developed a terahertz transceiver operating at 200 GHz achieving data transfer speeds of 40 Gbps. In Japan, researchers have developed high-power terahertz amplifiers using advanced semiconductor technologies like Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Indium Phosphide (InP), which increase signal power and improve range. In South Korea, ETRI has developed antennas based on flexible metamaterials suitable for terahertz frequencies and usable in wearable devices. In Taiwan, TSMC has developed specialized integrated circuits for terahertz applications. The development of these components faces challenges such as small size, low power consumption, and low cost, requiring innovation in nanotechnology and integrated circuit design to overcome. These developments in Asia are providing the necessary hardware foundation for 6G terahertz systems, helping make them deployable on a commercial scale.

New network architecture models and design concepts are required for 6G terahertz networks to operate effectively with high frequencies. Research institutions in Asia are considering alternatives to cellular architectures, such as cell-free massive MIMO systems where multiple access points collectively serve users, helping solve the limited range problem of terahertz signals. In China, CATR has proposed an integrated terrestrial-satellite network concept where terahertz-based ground stations work with satellite networks to provide high-speed connectivity worldwide. In Japan, NTT has proposed a “photonic-network” concept that integrates terahertz wireless communications with optical fiber networks, allowing seamless handover and high efficiency. In South Korea, researchers are working on incorporating “reconfigurable intelligent surfaces” (RIS) into terahertz networks, which can bend signal direction and deliver signals around obstacles, improving coverage and reliability. In Hong Kong, researchers have proposed “fluid antenna systems” that enable dynamic antenna positioning in terahertz networks. These architectural advances are designed to provide 6G terahertz networks with a flexible, scalable, and efficient infrastructure that can support diverse applications and use cases.

The applications and new usage areas of 6G terahertz technology span various industries, leveraging its high data rates, low latency, and vast capacity. In early experiments in Asia, researchers have activated holographic communications, tactile internet, and extended reality (XR) applications through terahertz networks. For example, in Japan, NTT Docomo has demonstrated a terahertz-based system supporting real-time holographic video calls where users can be seen as 3D holograms, which could revolutionize remote collaboration and social interactions. In China, Huawei has experimented with a tactile internet application where remote robotic surgery is enabled through terahertz networks, allowing surgeons to control surgical robots from thousands of miles away with real-time haptic feedback. In South Korea, Samsung has developed an XR gaming platform using terahertz connectivity where users get immersive experiences in high-resolution virtual environments. Other applications include intelligent transportation systems where terahertz communications support real-time data exchange between self-driving cars, and smart factories where they enable ultra-reliable communications between industrial robots and sensors. In healthcare, terahertz waves could revolutionize medical imaging and remote patient monitoring.

The requirements for spectrum management and regulatory framework are extremely important for successful deployment of 6G terahertz networks, involving governments and international organizations. In Asia, countries are developing regulatory frameworks for terahertz spectrum to make its use safe and efficient. In China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has allocated frequency bands between 100 GHz and 300 GHz for experimental purposes, allowing researchers and companies to test terahertz technology. In Japan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) has simplified the licensing process for terahertz spectrum, helping research institutions easily obtain frequency allotments. In South Korea, the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) has developed technical standards for terahertz spectrum use, ensuring interoperability between different manufacturers. In Taiwan, the National Communications Commission (NCC) has developed an allocation plan for terahertz spectrum. Internationally, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has discussed global harmonization for terahertz spectrum, which could support international roaming and device compatibility. These measures aim to provide a clear path for terahertz spectrum use, ensuring timely deployment of 6G networks.

Several technical challenges face the deployment path of 6G terahertz networks, including propagation obstacles, hardware limitations, and energy consumption. Terahertz signals have high sensitivity to atmospheric absorption and rain fade, which limits their range and reliability. To solve this problem, Asian researchers are developing advanced signal processing techniques such as adaptive modulation and coding schemes that can adjust data rates according to channel conditions. Hardware challenges include high cost and limited availability of high-frequency components, which are being addressed using new manufacturing processes such as silicon-germanium (SiGe) and III-V compound semiconductors. The energy consumption challenge, which arises due to high frequencies in terahertz systems, is being solved through energy-efficient transceiver designs and use of renewable energy sources. In China, researchers have developed low-power beamforming algorithms for terahertz systems that reduce power consumption while increasing signal strength. In Japan, NTT has introduced energy harvesting techniques for terahertz networks that improve system sustainability by harvesting energy from the environment. In South Korea, researchers have developed relay-based solutions to increase the range of terahertz signals. Work on these solutions is helping remove obstacles in the path of practical deployment of terahertz technology.

The development of 6G terahertz in Asia includes both international cooperation and competition trends, where countries and companies are trying to get ahead in the technology race. Nations like China, Japan, and South Korea are running national programs for 6G terahertz development while also working with international standardization bodies like ITU and 3GPP to influence global standards. For example, China’s “6G Promotion Group” and Japan’s “Beyond 5G Promotion Consortium” have worked together to develop technical requirements and roadmap for terahertz technology. South Korea has introduced “6G R&D Strategy” that provides funding for terahertz research and promotes collaboration with international partners. Taiwan has established the “Asia-Pacific Terahertz Research Alliance” that promotes research exchange among regional countries. At the same time, competition is also intense, with countries engaged in acquiring patents and intellectual property. Companies like Huawei, Samsung, and NTT are strengthening their patent portfolios in terahertz technology, giving them a strategic advantage in the global market. Both this cooperation and competition are accelerating the rapid development of 6G terahertz technology, making it ready for commercial deployment sooner.

Analysis of future possibilities and societal changes of 6G terahertz technology reveals widespread impacts that could reshape communications, economy, and society. According to results from early experiments in Asia, terahertz networks could be partially deployed by 2030, providing high-speed connectivity in urban areas first. In the future, terahertz technology could enable the “Internet of Senses” where users can digitally transmit senses like smell, touch, and taste, adding a new dimension to virtual interactions. Economically, terahertz networks could spawn new industries and business models such as holographic telepresence and real-time remote expertise services, which could increase global GDP. At the societal level, this technology could bring revolutionary changes in healthcare, education, and transportation, such as increasing access to healthcare through remote medical diagnostics, improving education quality through immersive virtual classrooms, and reducing accidents through autonomous vehicles. However, to achieve these benefits, issues like digital divide and privacy concerns will need to be addressed. Ongoing research and experiments in Asia are providing the foundation to make these potential changes a reality.

The review of energy efficiency and environmental impacts of 6G terahertz networks is extremely important as this technology operates at high frequencies that can cause higher energy consumption. Asian research institutions are working on developing energy-efficient solutions such as low-power circuit designs, advanced cooling systems, and renewable energy integration. In China, researchers have developed graphene-based components for terahertz networks that use less energy than traditional semiconductors. In Japan, NTT has introduced photonic-based solutions for terahertz networks that use light particles instead of electrical signals, reducing energy consumption. In South Korea, researchers have developed AI-based energy management systems for terahertz networks that optimize energy consumption according to network demand. Regarding environmental impacts, investigations are ongoing into what effects terahertz waves might have on human health and the environment. Initial results suggest that terahertz waves have fewer harmful effects compared to other wireless technologies, but more research is needed. In Asia, countries are developing environmental standards for terahertz networks to ensure their deployment is safe and sustainable.

Analysis of industrial transformations and economic impacts of 6G terahertz technology shows that this technology could bring revolutionary changes across various sectors. In the telecommunications industry, terahertz networks could generate new services and revenue streams such as ultra-high-definition video streaming, immersive gaming, and real-time remote collaboration services. In healthcare, terahertz waves could improve the accuracy of medical imaging and enable remote surgery. In education, this technology could promote virtual classrooms and immersive learning experiences. In transportation, terahertz communications could enable better coordination between autonomous vehicles, which could reduce accidents. In the industrial sector, terahertz networks could promote industrial automation and smart manufacturing. Economically, this technology could increase global GDP and create new employment opportunities. However, this will require investment, infrastructure development, and skilled workforce training. Asian countries are developing policies and plans to take advantage of these economic opportunities.

Current R&D centers and their activities for 6G terahertz in Asia are accelerating technology development in the region. In China, Huawei’s 6G Research Lab, ZTE’s Research Center, and China Academy of Telecommunications Research (CATR) are working on terahertz technology. In Japan, NTT Docomo’s Research Lab, NTT’s Research Center, and Tokyo University’s research centers are engaged in terahertz research. In South Korea, ETRI, Samsung’s Research Center, and LG’s Research Lab are working on terahertz technology. In Taiwan, Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and National Tsing Hua University are engaged in terahertz research. In Singapore, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and National University of Singapore (NUS) research centers are working on terahertz technology. In Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and City University of Hong Kong are engaged in terahertz research. These centers are working on terahertz hardware, network architecture, applications, and standards. Their activities include international cooperation, organizing conferences, and publishing research papers.

The review of human health and safety considerations for 6G terahertz technology is extremely important as this technology uses high-frequency waves. Asian research institutions are conducting studies to assess potential health effects of terahertz waves. Initial results indicate that terahertz waves do not have ionizing radiation effects, making them safer compared to other wireless technologies. However, more research is needed on what effects long-term exposure might have. In China, researchers have studied the effects of terahertz waves on biological tissues and proposed safe exposure limits. In Japan, researchers have assessed thermal effects of terahertz waves and developed safety guidelines. In South Korea, researchers have studied non-thermal effects of terahertz waves. Asian countries are developing safety standards for terahertz networks to ensure their deployment is safe. These standards include exposure limits, device testing, and monitoring methods.

Educational and skill development requirements are extremely important for successful deployment of 6G terahertz technology. Asian countries are establishing educational programs and training centers to develop skilled workforce for terahertz technology. In China, universities have introduced specialized courses and degree programs in terahertz technology. In Japan, universities and research institutions have established training programs in terahertz technology. In South Korea, the government has launched initiatives for skill development in terahertz technology. In Taiwan, universities have established research programs in terahertz technology. In Singapore, universities have introduced interdisciplinary programs in terahertz technology. The purpose of these educational initiatives is to produce experts, engineers, and researchers in the field of terahertz technology. Skill development requirements include technical skills, research capabilities, and innovation skills. Asian countries are promoting collaboration between educational institutions, research centers, and industry to meet these requirements.

International standards and harmonization measures for 6G terahertz technology are extremely important, enabling global deployment. Asian countries are working with international standardization bodies like ITU, 3GPP, and IEEE to develop standards for terahertz technology. China has submitted proposals for terahertz standards in ITU. Japan has worked on terahertz standards in 3GPP. South Korea has submitted proposals for terahertz standards in IEEE. Taiwan has contributed to international standards. Singapore has worked on regional standards. Hong Kong has submitted proposals for international standards. The purpose of these measures is to ensure global harmonization for terahertz technology, enabling international roaming, device compatibility, and global interoperability. International standards include technical specifications, testing procedures, and certification requirements. Asian countries are playing an active role in developing and implementing these standards.

6G terahertz rollouts and their early experiments in Asia represent a significant milestone in the evolution of next-generation wireless technology. The high data rates, low latency, and vast capacity of terahertz spectrum have made it a promising candidate for 6G networks. In Asia, countries and regions like China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong have taken leadership in terahertz technology development, including experiments on hardware design, network architecture, and use cases. Despite these efforts, challenges such as propagation obstacles, hardware limitations, and regulatory issues still exist and need to be overcome through cooperation and innovation. Both international cooperation and competition are accelerating the development of terahertz technology, bringing it closer to partial commercial deployment by 2030. In the future, 6G terahertz networks could reshape communications, economy, and society, enabling new applications and services. Ongoing research and experiments in Asia are helping explore the full potential of this technology, laying the foundation for a more connected and intelligent world.

This comprehensive analysis covers all aspects of 6G Terahertz Technology development in Asia, from physical foundations to future applications, and from technical challenges to societal impacts of next-generation wireless communications.