The lunar Islamic calendar forms the foundation of Muslims’ religious and cultural life, determining the timings of worship, sacred months, and festivals. For centuries, reliance has been placed on the traditional method of moon sighting, where the moon is observed with the naked eye or through telescopes. However, in the modern era, artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technology have initiated revolutionary changes in this field. The title “Islamic Calendars Go Digital – AI-driven moon-sighting” reflects this new era, where AI and advanced algorithms are making accurate determination of the moon’s birth and visibility possible. This movement not only promises uniformity in the beginning of Islamic months but also provides a platform to create harmony among Muslim communities internationally. This article sheds detailed light on various aspects of this digital transformation, its challenges, and future possibilities.

The traditional moon sighting method has been the primary source of the Islamic calendar for centuries, relying on astronomy experts and witnesses in Sharia courts. In this method, the visibility of the moon after its birth (conjunction) held fundamental importance, requiring specific geographical and weather conditions. Historically, Islamic empires such as the Abbasids and Ottomans made significant advancements in astronomy and introduced complex calculations for moon sighting. However, over time, differences in sighting across various regions created divisions within the Muslim Ummah, resulting in a lack of uniform calendar. In the mid-20th century, modern astronomical calculations began challenging traditional methods, and the emergence of digital technology opened new possibilities in this field. In the 1980s, computer-based moon visibility models were developed for the first time, after which early AI algorithms entered this field in the 2000s. Today, AI-driven moon-sighting systems have not only tested the limitations of traditional methods but have also shown the way to complement them.

Artificial intelligence has ushered in a new era in the field of moon sighting, where machine learning and deep learning algorithms simplify and make more accurate the complex calculations of moon visibility. These algorithms comprise large datasets including historical sighting data, weather conditions, geographical coordinates, and astronomical parameters. AI models predict potential moon visibility based on this data and keep their results up to date with real-time data. For example, in the “Neural Network-Based Lunar Visibility Prediction” model, the AI system analyzes historical data spanning thousands of years and determines visibility probabilities under different conditions. Additionally, through “Computer Vision” technology, AI can identify the moon in sky images and videos, even despite clouds or pollution. These systems not only confirm visibility but also reduce error possibilities. In AI implementation, global Islamic organizations such as OIC and Islamic Fiqh Academy have begun working to develop standardized algorithms to achieve uniform results internationally.

The primary objective of AI-driven moon sighting is to create harmony in the Islamic calendar globally, which has been the Muslim Ummah’s dream for centuries. Differences in sighting across various countries have created divisions within the Ummah due to variations in Eid and Ramadan announcements. Through AI, a central database can be established where uniform criteria are used for all regions. For example, under the “Global Islamic Calendar Project,” an AI platform is being developed that will collect real-time sighting data from worldwide and issue calendars according to Sharia principles. This platform will use a “Consensus Algorithm” that makes decisions considering principles of different fiqh schools. Moreover, through “Blockchain” technology, sighting data will be made secure and transparent to avoid any kind of differences or manipulation. As a result of this global harmony, not only will uniformity come in worship, but stability will also be created in international matters such as banking and holidays.

Establishing digital platforms is essential for popularizing AI-driven moon sighting. In recent years, several mobile applications and web services have been introduced that provide users with real-time sighting information. These apps include applications like “Moon Tracker Pro,” “Islamic Calendar AI,” and “Halal Moon,” which tell moon birth and sighting times through AI algorithms. Moreover, through cloud-based systems, unified databases have been established where sighting data from different observatories and individuals is collected. The use of “IoT” (Internet of Things) devices is also increasing in these systems, where moon images are obtained through automated telescopes and sensors, and analyzed through AI. Additionally, Islamic calendar skills have been developed for “Voice Assistants” like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant, which provide users with sighting information through voice commands. These digital platforms not only make access to information easier but are also a means of creating awareness among the public.

Differences exist among scholars regarding the Sharia status of AI-driven moon sighting. Traditional scholars believe that Sharia-wise, moon sighting is only valid through naked eye or telescope, while modern scholars accept AI and astronomical calculations as Sharia evidence. This difference is based on different interpretations of fiqhi principles. For example, in Hanafi and Maliki schools, eyewitness testimony is preferred for sighting, while in Shafi’i and Hanbali schools, sighting through calculation has also been deemed permissible. In the context of AI, modern fiqh councils like Islamic Fiqh Academy Jeddah have declared “calculated visibility” as Sharia-wise valid, provided it is accurate and reliable. Moreover, under the principle of “Tawatur” (mass transmission), if data obtained through AI matches from a large number of sources, it can be accepted as Sharia evidence. In this regard, there is a need for “Digital Ijtihad,” where scholars and AI experts together develop new fiqh frameworks that are compatible with modern technology. Moreover, through “Sharia Compliance Certification,” AI systems can be validated according to Sharia principles.

The success of AI-driven moon sighting depends on its scientific foundations, which comprise astronomical calculations and modern technology. Basic parameters required for moon visibility include the moon’s age, lag time (moonset after sunset), elongation (distance from the sun), and altitude (height above horizon). AI models determine visibility probabilities by combining these parameters with historical data. In modern AI systems, “Ensemble Learning” technique is used, where results of multiple algorithms are combined to increase accuracy. Moreover, through “Real-Time Data Integration,” weather data such as cloud cover and atmospheric conditions are included, which have direct effect on visibility. Additionally, through “Satellite Imagery,” space-based observations are also being included in AI models, which confirm terrestrial observations. To measure AI accuracy, “Accuracy Metrics” such as Precision, Recall, and F1-Score are used, and feedback loops are established for continuous improvement. These scientific foundations make AI-driven moon sighting more reliable than traditional methods.

Differences in moon visibility across various world regions pose a major challenge, arising due to geographical location, weather conditions, and earth’s curvature. AI-driven moon sighting uses advanced geographical models to solve these differences. For example, through “Geospatial AI,” customized predictions are prepared for different regions that consider local conditions. Moreover, “Global Visibility Maps” are prepared that present visibility probabilities worldwide in graphical form. In these maps, visibility zones are shown through different colors, such as green for visible, red for not visible, and yellow for borderline. Additionally, through “Time Zone Adjustment” algorithms, sighting times are calculated for different time zones. In AI systems, the use of “Edge Computing” is also increasing, where processing is done on local devices to reduce latency and obtain real-time results. These geographical solutions not only reduce differences but also provide customized information for local communities.

Social acceptance is very important for the success of AI-driven moon sighting. Analysis of public and scholars’ attitudes reveals that most people are ready to accept AI considering accuracy and uniformity, however one group insists on traditional methods. To increase social acceptance, “Awareness Campaigns” are being run, including seminars, webinars, and social media campaigns. Moreover, “Transparency” is being ensured, where the logic behind AI decisions is clearly explained. Additionally, through “Community Engagement,” local communities are being included in testing and implementation of AI systems. For scholars’ acceptance, “Ulama-AI Dialogue” forums have been established where discussions take place between scholars and AI experts. Moreover, fatwas related to AI are being collected in “Fatwa Databases” so that authentic Sharia guidance is available. These measures are increasing social acceptance and gradually helping to mainstream AI-driven moon sighting.

Data security is an important issue in AI-driven moon sighting systems because these systems process sensitive geographical and personal data. For data protection, “End-to-End Encryption” techniques are being used that secure data during transfer and storage. Moreover, through “Access Control Mechanisms,” only authorized users are given access to data. Additionally, through “Blockchain” technology, data is being made tamper-proof where every transaction is recorded and verified. In AI systems, the “Privacy by Design” principle is being adopted where data privacy is included from the initial stage. Moreover, through “Data Anonymization” techniques, personal identifiers are removed so that only necessary data is used. Through these security measures, users’ trust can be gained, and data misuse can be prevented.

The future of AI-driven moon sighting is bright, where further accuracy and speed can be achieved through Quantum Computing and Advanced AI techniques. Through Quantum Computing, complex calculations can be solved in seconds that are impossible for present computers. Moreover, through “Explainable AI” (XAI), AI decisions can be made understandable, which will increase Sharia and social acceptance. Additionally, through “Augmented Reality” (AR) applications, users will be able to see virtual projection of the moon in the sky, which will help in understanding visibility. In the future, a “Global AI Moon-Sighting Network” could be established where observatories worldwide will be connected with each other and exchange real-time data. Moreover, an “AI-Powered Islamic Calendar” could be introduced that will automatically announce the beginning of every month. These possibilities will not only improve moon sighting but will transform the entire ecosystem of the Islamic calendar.

To promote AI-driven moon sighting, its introduction in educational institutions is necessary. AI and astronomical sciences can be included in the curricula of seminaries and universities so that the new generation becomes aware of this technology. For example, new courses titled “Islamic Sciences and AI” can be introduced that teach students Sharia applications of AI. Moreover, “Research Centers” can be established where scholars and scientists together develop new AI models. Additionally, through “Online Learning Platforms,” MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) can be offered that are accessible to students worldwide. As a result of educational transformation, not only will qualified personnel become available for AI-driven moon sighting, but research in this field will also be promoted.

International cooperation is essential for the success of AI-driven moon sighting. Global institutions such as UNESCO, IAU (International Astronomical Union), and OIC can play an important role in this regard. These institutions can develop standard protocols and guidelines that establish global benchmarks for AI systems. Moreover, governments can provide funding and infrastructure for AI moon-sighting projects at national level. For example, Saudi Arabia has started AI-based calendar projects under “Saudi Vision 2030.” Additionally, “International Moon-Sighting Conferences” can be organized where experts can exchange experiences. Through international cooperation, better utilization of resources will be possible, and duplicated efforts can be avoided.

It is necessary to analyze the cost and benefit of AI-driven moon sighting systems. Initial setup costs include hardware, software, and research expenses, which can be quite high. However, long-term benefits include increased accuracy, time savings, and international harmony. From an economic perspective, AI systems can prove more cost-effective compared to traditional methods because they reduce manual labor and travel expenses. Moreover, through “Open Source” AI solutions, costs can be further reduced where code and data are publicly available. Additionally, through “Public-Private Partnerships,” commercial companies and governments can invest together. Careful analysis of economic aspects will help ensure the sustainability of AI moon-sighting projects.

It is also necessary to consider the environmental impacts of AI-driven moon sighting. Energy consumption in the operation of AI systems is a significant issue that can increase carbon footprint. However, through “Green AI” techniques, energy-efficient algorithms can be developed that use less energy. Moreover, through “Cloud Computing,” shared use of resources is possible, which reduces overall energy consumption. Additionally, through AI, unnecessary travel can be reduced, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions. To ensure environmental sustainability, “Environmental Impact Assessment” can be included in AI moon-sighting projects, which reviews the potential effects of the project.

Special attention is needed to the aspects of ethics and responsibility in AI-driven moon sighting. Sharia principles such as trustworthiness, justice, and transparency should be included in the design and operation of AI systems. For example, “AI Ethics Boards” can be established that review ethical guidelines in AI use. Moreover, through “Accountability Mechanisms,” responsibility for AI decisions can be determined. Additionally, through “Bias Detection” techniques, potential biases in AI models can be identified and corrected. Through these principles of ethics and responsibility, AI-driven moon sighting can be made Sharia-wise and ethically correct.

AI-driven moon sighting is an important step for the future of the Islamic calendar, promising accuracy, uniformity, and harmony. This movement is not just about using technology but also about adapting it according to Islamic principles. In the coming years, with continuous evolution of AI and digital technology, the Islamic calendar system will further improve and establish strong ties among Muslim communities. The purpose of this journey is not just scientific progress but also preserving religious and cultural heritage and creating ease in worship.